Controlling Data: The Key to Modern Power

Data is far from neutral or merely raw; it functions as a strategic resource. The party that gathers, stores, interprets, and oversees extensive, high‑quality datasets secures economic leverage, political sway, and operational authority. That concentrated ability to anticipate behavior, influence markets, guide information flows, and execute large‑scale decisions is what ultimately transforms data into power.

Key actors who control data

Big technology platforms: Companies spanning global search, social networks, cloud ecosystems, and ecommerce services accumulate vast volumes of behavioral, transactional, and location-based information derived from billions of users and activities.
Governments and regulators: States gather identity, taxation, health, telecom, and surveillance records, while also defining the policies that govern how data may be accessed and utilized.
Data brokers and aggregators: Businesses that acquire, enhance, and market consumer profiles, frequently merging public documents, purchasing histories, and inferred attributes for marketing or analytics.
Enterprises with vertical stacks: Healthcare networks, financial institutions, retail groups, and telecommunications firms maintain specialized and sensitive datasets tied to measurable real‑world outcomes.
Research institutions and public bodies: Universities and national statistical offices generate and curate scientific, demographic, and environmental data aimed at serving the public good.
Individuals and communities: People produce data through daily activities, consumption, and interactions; coordinated action and regulatory protections can gradually restore meaningful control to them.

Categories of data that grant influence

Personal identifier data: Names, official identification numbers, and physical addresses, all relied upon for verification processes, oversight, and regulatory compliance.
Behavioral and interactional data: Search terms, user clicks, viewing activity, and social network connections, which serve as core inputs for customization and influence-based systems.
Transactional and financial data: Purchase records, payment details, and credit histories, forming the basis for economic analysis and adaptive pricing models.
Sensor and IoT data: Location patterns, device diagnostics, and smart home activity logs, allowing persistent observation and delivery of context-responsive functions.
Biometric and genomic data: Fingerprints, facial features, and DNA information, considered highly sensitive and applied in identity verification, medical research, and forensic activities.

How data control translates into power: mechanisms and effects

Economic moat and market power: Large data sets improve machine learning models, which improve products, driving more users and more data — a virtuous cycle that erects barriers to entry. Example: search and ad targeting have concentrated advertising markets because better data yields higher ad relevance and revenue.
Predictive advantage: Accurate predictions about behavior enable firm decisions that tilt outcomes in their favor: targeted advertising, credit scoring, fraud detection, inventory optimization.
Behavioral influence and information control: Platforms control what content is amplified or suppressed through recommendation algorithms. The Cambridge Analytica case (where harvested Facebook data was used to target political messaging) exemplifies how behavioral data can be weaponized for persuasion.
Gatekeeping and platform governance: Owners of dominant platforms can set rules for third parties, controlling market access and terms for competitors — for example, marketplace platforms that combine seller data with platform-owned products gain insights that can disadvantage independent sellers.
Surveillance and social control: Centralized access to communication, movement, and transactional data enables monitoring at scale. Government programs and private analytic tools can be combined to build predictive policing, eligibility systems, or social scoring mechanisms.
National security and geopolitical leverage: Nations with advanced digital ecosystems and access to strategic data (telecoms, critical infrastructure telemetry, citizen registries) gain operational intelligence and bargaining power in diplomacy and conflict.

Notable cases and key data insights

Cambridge Analytica (2016–2018): Harvested Facebook user data to build psychological profiles for highly targeted political advertising, highlighting risks of third‑party access and opaque reuse.
Platform ad ecosystems: Google and Meta have historically captured major shares of digital advertising by combining search, social, and targeting data to sell precise audiences to advertisers.
Amazon marketplace dynamics: Amazon uses sales and search data across the platform to optimize its logistics, recommend products, and develop private‑label items — creating conflicts between marketplace operator and sellers.
Health data partnerships: Consumer genetics companies and health apps have partnered with pharmaceutical firms to accelerate drug discovery, illustrating how aggregated health data can be monetized with both public benefit and commercial profit.
Regulatory responses: The EU General Data Protection Regulation (implemented 2018) redefined data controller and processor responsibilities and introduced rights like data portability and the right to erasure; Apple’s App Tracking Transparency (2021) changed mobile ad tracking economics by restricting cross‑app IDFA access.

Consequences for markets, democracy, and equity

Market concentration: Data-driven advantages favor incumbents, reducing competition and slowing innovation in some sectors.
Privacy erosion and reidentification risk: Even “anonymized” datasets can be reidentified when combined with other sources, exposing sensitive information.
Discrimination and bias: Models trained on biased data reproduce and scale unfair outcomes in credit, hiring, policing, and healthcare.
Information manipulation: Targeted messaging informed by granular data can polarize electorates, manipulate attention, and distort public discourse.
Asymmetric bargaining power: Individuals and small organizations often lack leverage to negotiate fair terms for data use, while data brokers monetize profiles with opaque provenance.

Policy, technology, and governance levers to rebalance power

Regulation and antitrust: Binding requirements on data portability, interoperability, and duties for dominant platforms can curb gatekeeper influence, with enforcement actions such as privacy penalties and continuous antitrust investigations targeting major platforms.
Data minimization and purpose limitation: Collecting only what is essential and demanding explicit, well‑defined purposes helps reduce surveillance exposure and limits unauthorized secondary uses.
Data portability and open standards: Enabling users to transfer their information across services and adopting uniform APIs lowers switching barriers while stimulating broader market competition.
Privacy‑preserving technologies: Approaches including federated learning, differential privacy, and secure multi‑party computation make it possible to train models and run analyses without aggregating raw personal information in a single location.
Data trusts and stewardship models: Independent stewards can oversee sensitive data under fiduciary duties, providing responsible access for research and activities serving the public interest.
Transparency and auditability: Requiring model interpretability, traceable provenance, and external audits supports the identification of improper use and potential bias.

Actionable guidance for both organizations and individuals

For organizations: Establish clear data governance structures, chart how information moves across systems, integrate privacy‑by‑design principles, rely on synthetic data or privacy techniques whenever appropriate, and release transparency reports detailing data practices and model effects.
For individuals: Adjust privacy settings, restrict app permissions, invoke available data rights such as access, deletion, and portability, and choose services committed to minimal data collection and open disclosure.

Data control is not just a technical or commercial issue; it shapes who can influence markets, elections, scientific priorities, and everyday life. Power accrues where data flows are monopolized, where inference capabilities are concentrated, and where governance is opaque. Rebalancing that power requires coordinated legal frameworks, technical safeguards, institutional design, and cultural norms that recognize data as both an economic resource and a collective social trust.